Judgment and Reasoning

Directions:
Select the BEST response alternative for each of the questions below.

	1.	According to the text, decisions often involve:
		A)	random influences beyond our control.
		B)	an element of risk.
		C)	consequences that negate the decisions we make.
		D)	subliminal influences from those around us at the time.
	2.	The process through which people draw conclusions from the evidence they encounter, often evidence provided by life experiences, is what is meant by:
		A)	decision making.
		B)	bias.
		C)	judgment.
		D)	All of the above.
	3.	The difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is that a heuristic is:
		A)	easy to use and guarantees a correct solution.
		B)	difficult to use, yet still does not guarantee a correct solution.
		C)	often more difficult to use, but will guarantee a correct solution.
		D)	often easier to use, but does not guarantee a correct solution.
	4.	The difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is that an algorithm is:
		A)	easy to use and guarantees a correct solution.
		B)	difficult to use, yet still does not guarantee a correct solution.
		C)	often more difficult to use, but will guarantee a correct solution.
		D)	often easier to use, but does not guarantee a correct solution.
	5.	Most people insist that there are more words beginning with R than there are words with R as the third letter (but the reverse is true by a margin of at least 2-to-1). This judgment error is due to:
		A)	the availability heuristic.
		B)	English having inconsistent rules for spelling.
		C)	the frequency algorithm.
		D)	the representativeness heuristic.
	6.	The gambler's fallacy is an example of:
		A)	the availability heuristic.
		B)	English having inconsistent rules for spelling.
		C)	the frequency algorithm.
		D)	the representativeness heuristic.
	7.	Which of the following is an exmaple of an illusion of covariation?
		A)	When I flip the light switch one way, the light goes on, then off when I flip the switch the other way.
		B)	My favorite sports team always wins when I attend their games in person, and they lose when I do not attend.
		C)	Once the cold weather hits the area each year, the leaves on the trees turn color and fall.
		D)	When I forget to take out my contact lenses before I go to sleep, I have trouble opening my eyes the next morning.
	8.	Your friend believes that a full moon encourages criminal behavior. She points out that every time she noticed a full moon, when she checked the local news the following morning, sure enough some criminal activity had been reported the night before. It seems probable that your friend is exhibiting:
		A)	good judgment in noticing the covariation.
		B)	a confirmation bias.
		C)	a frequency algorithm.
		D)	displacement bias.
	9.	The main difference between Type-1 Thinking and Type-2 Thinking is that:
		A)	Type-1 Thinking is fast and easy to perform.
		B)	Type-1 Thinking is slower and more effortful.
		C)	Type-2 Thinking is fast and easy to perform.
		D)	Type-2 thinking relies on heuristics to a greater degree than Type-1 Thinking.

Your score out of 100%: %

The correct answers are marked by a "C" in the box before each question. The incorrect questions are marked by an "X".