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1. |
The extent to which a measurement or manipulation represents the variable being studied is what is meant by: |
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A) |
face validity. |
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B) |
external validity. |
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C) |
construct validity. |
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D) |
internal validity. |
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2. |
An important benefit to using operational definitions is that it: |
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A) |
enables researchers to discuss concrete concepts using abstract terms. |
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B) |
ensures accuracy of any conclusions regarding cause and effect. |
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C) |
enables scientists to generalize their findings to other settings. |
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D) |
helps scientists to clearly communicate their ideas with others. |
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3. |
The degree to which a measurement accurately represents a variable is what is meant by: |
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A) |
construct reliability. |
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B) |
construct validity. |
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C) |
external validity. |
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D) |
scientific control. |
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4. |
When researchers use the term ________ they are referring to the idea that there is randomness in all events. |
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A) |
constancy |
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B) |
uniformity |
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C) |
reliability |
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D) |
uncertainty |
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5. |
When collecting data from volunteers it is expect that there will be random variability because relationships among variables: |
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A) |
can only be positive or negative. |
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B) |
are curvilinear. |
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C) |
are rarely perfect. |
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D) |
can only be monotonic. |
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6. |
Strong inferences that one variable caused changes in another variable may only occur among studies demonstrating high ________ validity. |
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A) |
inferential |
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B) |
construct |
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C) |
internal |
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D) |
All of the above. |
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7. |
A psychologist observes that the more physical distance there is between a child and a parent shopping in a department store, the more likely shoplifting will occur. The research used here involved a ________ method. |
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A) |
confounded |
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B) |
nonexperimental |
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C) |
covert |
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D) |
curvilinear |
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8. |
A description of some observable event in terms of the specific process or manner by which it was observed or measured is called: |
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A) |
an independent variable. |
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B) |
a research hypothesis. |
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C) |
a statistic. |
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D) |
an operational definition. |
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9. |
A conceptual variable that is known to exist but cannot be directly observed, is called: |
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A) |
a hypothesis. |
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B) |
an operation. |
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C) |
a construct. |
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D) |
a concept. |
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10. |
The difference between nonexperimental and experimental methods is that: |
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A) |
nonexperimental methods involve operational definitions, while experimental methods involve simple observations. |
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B) |
nonexperimental methods result in clear results, but experimental methods give only broad views of the issues studied. |
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C) |
experimental methods use random variables, while nonexperimental methods use controlled variables. |
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D) |
experimental methods manipulate and control variables, while nonexperimental methods involve observing relationships among nonmanipulated variables. |
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11. |
An example of experimental control is: |
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A) |
keeping all extraneous variables constant. |
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B) |
using a control group as a standard to measure against. |
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C) |
generating careful operational definitions. |
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D) |
making sure that the intended outcomes occur. |
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12. |
The goal of random assignment of participants to conditions is to: |
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A) |
ensure that extraneous variables are equally likely to affect all groups in the study about the same. |
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B) |
ensure that extraneous variables do not affect any groups in the study at all. |
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C) |
eliminate any possibility that researcher bias can affect the study. |
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D) |
make sure that the results will be equally random so that the statistical program will be able to establish significance. |
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13. |
A difference between an independent and a dependent variable is that independent variables: |
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A) |
are internal variables, while dependent variables are external variables. |
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B) |
are considered to be the cause, whereas dependent variables are the effect. |
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C) |
yield positive linear relationships, but dependent variables yield negative linear relationships. |
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D) |
All of the above except (B) are true. |
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14. |
Personal attributes such as sex, race, height, and eye-color are called ________ variables. |
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A) |
internal |
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B) |
subject |
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C) |
confounding |
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D) |
situational |
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15. |
The extent to which a study's outcomes can generalize to other populations and settings is what is meant by ________ validity. |
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A) |
linear |
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B) |
construct |
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C) |
external |
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D) |
internal |