|
1. |
What makes up a conspiracy theory? |
| |
A) |
Lack of evidence. |
| |
B) |
Less plausible than alternatives. |
| |
C) |
Can be proved. |
| |
D) |
Both (a) and (b). |
| |
E) |
Both (b) and (c). |
|
2. |
Types of group think: |
| |
A) |
Group overestimation, open-mindedness, and individuality. |
| |
B) |
Open-mindedness, pressure towards uniformity, and group illusions. |
| |
C) |
Pressure towards non-conformity, open-mindedness, and group overestimation. |
| |
D) |
Group overestimation, pressure towards uniformity, and closed mindedness. |
|
3. |
Conspiracy theories can be true: |
| |
A) |
True |
| |
B) |
False |
|
4. |
What is it called when scientists and scientific journals tend to submit and publish positive results but discard null or negative results? |
| |
A) |
The Shoe-Horn Effect. |
| |
B) |
A Journalistic Bias. |
| |
C) |
The Wardrobe Willingness Effect. |
| |
D) |
A Publication Bias. |
|
5. |
Rob Brotherton suggests that questionable conspiracy theories ________ evidence. |
| |
A) |
have an over-abundance of |
| |
B) |
lack |
| |
C) |
suggest |
| |
D) |
go beyond |
|
6. |
What symptom of groupthink is when group members fail to note dangers and display excessive and risk optimism? |
| |
A) |
Pressure for conformity. |
| |
B) |
Mindguards. |
| |
C) |
Illusion of invulnerability. |
| |
D) |
Illusion of morality. |
|
7. |
Testimonials and Anecdotal Evidence are: |
| |
A) |
Unreliable. |
| |
B) |
Reliable. |
| |
C) |
Biased. |
| |
D) |
Unbiased. |
| |
E) |
Both (a) and (c). |
|
8. |
When the desire for harmony or conformity impairs thinking and decision-making: |
| |
A) |
Groupthink. |
| |
B) |
Group Effect. |
| |
C) |
Group-Stagnancy. |
| |
D) |
All of the Above. |
| |
E) |
None of the Above. |
|
9. |
An attempt to explain big adverse events in terms of secret plots by powerful people is: |
| |
A) |
A Conspiracy Theory. |
| |
B) |
An Authority Bias. |
| |
C) |
a Lack-of-Authority Bias. |
| |
D) |
The Theory of Globalized Interaction. |
| |
E) |
All of the above. |
|
10. |
An example of a source would be: |
| |
A) |
An expert. |
| |
B) |
A testimonial. |
| |
C) |
Mass Media. |
| |
D) |
Ancient Wisdom. |
| |
E) |
All of the above. |
|
11. |
What does the author of our textbook consider to be one of the worst sources? |
| |
A) |
BBC network. |
| |
B) |
Magazines. |
| |
C) |
Animal documentaries. |
| |
D) |
Paranormal documentaries. |
|
12. |
What does conspiracy minded mean? |
| |
A) |
That one takes up their time coming up with conspiracies. |
| |
B) |
Prone to believe in conspiracies for everything. |
| |
C) |
People who believe in psychological conspiracies only. |
| |
D) |
People who do not believe in conspiracies at all. |
|
13. |
What are the two categories of type-2 symptoms of groupthink? |
| |
A) |
Illusion of invulnerability, and illusion of morality. |
| |
B) |
Illusion of unanimity, and mind guards. |
| |
C) |
Collective rationalization, and excessive stereotyping. |
| |
D) |
Self-censorship, and pressure for conformity. |
|
14. |
What is NOT a reason that a conspiracy theory is questionable? |
| |
A) |
Lacks evidence. |
| |
B) |
Are sensational. |
| |
C) |
Are beyond disproof. |
| |
D) |
All of the above are acceptable reasons. |
|
15. |
When it comes to accepting or rejecting paranormal and conspiracy claims, it is important to question the ideas of: |
| |
A) |
Ancient wisdom. |
| |
B) |
Testimonials of sources you know personally. |
| |
C) |
Mass media and the internet. |
| |
D) |
Common consensus. |
| |
E) |
All of the above. |
|
16. |
A person is likely to believe a new conspiracy theory if: |
| |
A) |
most people they know also believe the theory. |
| |
B) |
most people they know do not believe the theory. |
| |
C) |
they already believe in other conspiracy theories. |
| |
D) |
they do not believe in any other conspiracy theories. |
|
17. |
Why can groupthink be unreliable? |
| |
A) |
Excessive stereotyping. |
| |
B) |
Pressure to conform. |
| |
C) |
Illusion of invulnerability. |
| |
D) |
All of the above. |
|
18. |
Why are testimonials often unreliable sources? |
| |
A) |
They are ancient ideas of modern concepts. |
| |
B) |
They all include surveys that are often not accurate because people lie when taking surveys. |
| |
C) |
They are prone to contamination by beliefs, later experiences, feedback, and selective attention to detail. |
| |
D) |
They always involve conspiracy theories. |
|
19. |
Which of the following does NOT qualify as a conspiracy theory today (any more)? |
| |
A) |
The US government created AIDS. |
| |
B) |
NASA faked the Moon landing using elaborate Hollywood sets. |
| |
C) |
The British government murdered Princess Diana. |
| |
D) |
None of the above. |
|
20. |
The file drawer effect is: |
| |
A) |
scientists discard null or negative results rather than reporting them or submitting them for publication. |
| |
B) |
newspapers publishing old article excerpts and findings that are no longer true. |
| |
C) |
scientists replacing files with false information to create uproar in the field and attention to themselves. |
| |
D) |
researchers plagiarizing information knowingly in order to get the work published as their own. |
|
21. |
The best protection for establishing the validity of research results is: |
| |
A) |
replication. |
| |
B) |
someone of authority verifying it with their professional opinion. |
| |
C) |
groupthink. |
| |
D) |
verified testimonials and anecdotal evidence. |
| |
E) |
All of the above. |
|
22. |
Which of the following is true about ancient wisdom? |
| |
A) |
It is all true. |
| |
B) |
Just because it is old and well known does not mean it is true. |
| |
C) |
None of it should be believed. |
| |
D) |
Both (b) and (c). |
|
23. |
What is one of the conspiracy theories that the book talks about? |
| |
A) |
The British government murdered Princess Diana. |
| |
B) |
The U.S. government invented Santa and the Easter Bunny. |
| |
C) |
The world is flat. |
| |
D) |
All of the above. |