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1. |
Which is important in an experiment: |
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A) |
Control group. |
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B) |
Independent variable(s). |
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C) |
Random sample. |
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D) |
All of the above. |
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2. |
Which is an important aspect of a theory? |
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A) |
Simplicity. |
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B) |
Complexity. |
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C) |
Productivity. |
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D) |
Both (a) and (c). |
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3. |
Which is not a way to rule out alternative explanations? |
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A) |
Control groups. |
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B) |
Controls for stimulus leakage. |
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C) |
Double-blind procedures. |
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D) |
Control the results. |
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4. |
What does Occam's Razor mean? |
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A) |
The simplest explanation is most likely to be correct. |
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B) |
The most complicated explanation is likely to be correct. |
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C) |
There is an impossible explanation. |
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5. |
During a double-blind study, who knows what treatment the participants are getting? |
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A) |
The experimenter(s). |
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B) |
The participant(s). |
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C) |
Neither the experimenter(s) nor the participant(s). |
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6. |
According to the burden of proof, whose job is it to prove a claim is true? |
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A) |
The person who makes the claim. |
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B) |
Any person who already believes the claim. |
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C) |
The person who does not believe (questions) the claim. |
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7. |
What is Carl Sagan's rule, known as "Sagan's Balance?" |
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A) |
The FEDS Standard. |
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B) |
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. |
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C) |
Get a full night of sleep the night before a Dr. Paul lecture |
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D) |
Have an open mind, but not so open that your brains fall out. |
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8. |
What is Occam's Razor? |
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A) |
A theory that states that unfalsifiable beliefs have great potential for unconstrained growth, since the belief is protected from challenge. |
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B) |
What handsome Dr. Paul (or anyone else as handsome as he) uses to shave his handsome head. |
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C) |
A statement that says the best explanation is the one that requires the fewest assumptions. |
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D) |
A theory on gravity based on the event horizon of a black hole. |
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9. |
Which one of the following is NOT one of the four criteria for judging the adequacy of theories? |
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A) |
Comprehensiveness. |
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B) |
Subject Matter. |
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C) |
Falsifiability. |
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D) |
Simplicity. |
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10. |
What type of variable is something that isn't changed by other variables you might measure? |
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A) |
Dependent Variable. |
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B) |
Independent Variable. |
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C) |
Nusiance Variable. |
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D) |
None of the above. |
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11. |
What is NOT one of the three common ways that you must test a hypothesis? |
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A) |
Asking the right question. |
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B) |
Ruling out alternative explanations. |
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C) |
Testing the right people. |
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D) |
Denying others' right to test. |
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12. |
What term is defined as stating that the best explanation is the one that requires the fewest assumptions? |
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A) |
Occam's razor. |
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B) |
Anomaly. |
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C) |
Paradigm. |
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D) |
Stimulus leakage. |
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13. |
A true scientist is ________-minded ________ thinker. |
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A) |
an open; critical |
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B) |
a closed; critical |
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C) |
an open; repetitive |
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D) |
a closed; repetitive |
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14. |
A scientific observation must be ________ and ________. |
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A) |
public; replicable |
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B) |
public; private |
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C) |
private; replicable |
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D) |
private; valid |
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15. |
One way to increase representativeness is to select a ________ sample. |
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A) |
random |
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B) |
biased |
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C) |
stimulus |
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D) |
double-blind |
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16. |
If a test yields a similar score over and over, the test is said to be: |
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A) |
replicable. |
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B) |
reliable. |
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C) |
valid. |
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D) |
scientific. |
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17. |
Which of the following is NOT true about what participants should be included in a study? |
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A) |
The sample should be random from the population |
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B) |
The sample should be representative of the population in which one is interested |
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C) |
The sample should be unbiased |
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D) |
The sample should always be relatively small and manageable in size |
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E) |
None of the above (all are true). |
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18. |
The F in "F-Question" stands for: |
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A) |
Frequency. |
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B) |
Function. |
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C) |
Falsifiability. |
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D) |
Fact. |
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19. |
What is a very good indicator as to whether a theory is scientific or pseudoscientific? |
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A) |
It sounds technical. |
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B) |
Whether or not it has changed and grown over time. |
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C) |
It seems intuitively true. |
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D) |
All of the above. |
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20. |
Which of the following is not an element of observational science? |
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A) |
Operational definitions. |
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B) |
Public and replicable measures. |
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C) |
No funding. |
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D) |
Reliable and valid measures. |
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21. |
What does FEDS stand for? |
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A) |
Federal, error, darkness, stagnant. |
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B) |
Full, encrypt, disguise, silence. |
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C) |
Focus, empty, deceiving, sloppiness. |
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D) |
Fraud, error, deception, sloppiness. |
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22. |
When a study has inadequate ________ controls, the possibility exists for stimulus leakage. |
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A) |
independent |
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B) |
dependent |
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C) |
double-blind |
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D) |
representative |
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23. |
Good theories have: |
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A) |
Wide scope. |
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B) |
Narrow scope. |
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C) |
Lots of assumptions. |
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D) |
Unfalisifiability. |
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24. |
The belief that because something appears to work, the assumptions must be true, is called the ________ Fallacy. |
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A) |
Post Hoc |
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B) |
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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C) |
Pragmatic |
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D) |
Unfalsifiability |
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25. |
In a double-blind study: |
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A) |
Only people who have lost their eyesight can be tested. |
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B) |
Neither the hypothesis nor the prediction of the experiment is known. |
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C) |
The experimenter cannot be in any contact with the participants and vice versa. |
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D) |
Neither the experimenter nor the participants know what treatments the participants are exposed to. |